Dry Eyes: Types, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Dry Eyes: Types, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Did you know that every time you blink, a thin layer of tears spreads across your eyes? This tear film keeps the eyes lubricated and comfortable. It also helps maintain clear vision and protects the eyes from irritation. ¹, ²

When the eyes do not make enough tears, or when they evaporate too quickly, dry eye disease can develop. ¹, ²

It is one of the most common conditions affecting the surface of the eye. It also impacts millions of Americans each year. Occasional eye dryness may not seem serious, but ongoing symptoms can affect daily activities like reading, driving, and using screens. If left untreated, dry eye may lead to inflammation and damage to the cornea and also cause vision problems. ¹

In this blog, we will cover what dry eye disease is, its types, symptoms, causes, risk factors, possible complications, prevention tips, and when to see an eye care professional.

What Is Dry Eye

Dry eye disease occurs when the eye’s tear film becomes less stable. This may happen if the eyes produce fewer tears or if tears evaporate more quickly, as mentioned above. The tear film is not just water. It has three layers that work together to keep the eye surface smooth, clear, and comfortable. ²

When this tear film becomes unstable, the eye surface feels less lubricated. Over time, this can result in irritation, blurred or fluctuating vision, and a burning sensation that some people notice during activities like reading, screen use, or driving. ²

Symptoms of Dry Eyes

The symptoms of dry eyes can differ from person to person. They may also change based on screen time, weather conditions, or environmental factors.

Common symptoms include: ²

• A dry, gritty, or sandy feeling in the eyes.
• A burning or stinging sensation.
• Redness or general eye irritation.
• Blurred or fluctuating vision that often improves after blinking.
• Watery eyes, which may occur as a response to dryness.

Causes of Dry Eyes

Dry eyes do not have a single cause. It typically occurs when either tear production or tear quality is compromised. Some common causes include: ², ³

• Less Tear Production - The eyes may not make enough tears to keep them comfortable and moist.
• Faster Tear Evaporation - The eyes may produce tears, but they evaporate faster than normal. This can happen when the oily layer of tears is weak or not functioning well (it's called meibomian gland dysfunction).
• Longer Screen Time - Looking at screens for extended hours can reduce blinking and worsen dry eye symptoms.
• Environment - Wind, smoke, and air conditioning can make eyes dry faster.
• Medicines - Dry eyes can also be a side effect of certain medications that are used to treat allergies, colds, blood pressure, or depression or anxiety.
• Health Conditions - Diabetes, thyroid problems, and autoimmune diseases like Sjögren’s syndrome affect tear production.

Risk Factors of Dry Eyes

Several factors contribute to dry eye conditions. Those include: ², ⁴

• Age - It plays a primary role. Tear production decreases with age.
• Gender - Women are at a higher risk because hormonal changes and menopause affect tear production.
• Use of Contact Lenses - Wearing contact lenses for a long period can dry out the eyes.
• Laser Surgery - People who undergo laser eye surgery may also be at risk of developing dry eye later in life.

Complications of Dry Eyes

Dry eyes should not be ignored. If left untreated, they can lead to complications that range from mild discomfort to more serious eye problems. These may include: ²

• Eye Irritation that becomes persistent and affects daily activities.
• Eye Infections, as reduced tear production weakens the eye's natural defense against bacteria and other irritants.
• Corneal Ulcers, which are open sores that can develop on the surface of the eye in severe cases.
• Corneal Scarring, which may occur if the cornea is repeatedly damaged or inflamed.
• Vision Problems, such as blurred or fluctuating vision, light sensitivity, and difficulty with activities like reading, driving, or prolonged screen use.

Dry Eyes

Here are a few lifestyle changes that can help manage dry eye conditions over time: ²

• Limit exposure to dry air, smoke, dust, and strong winds.
• Use a humidifier indoors, especially in dry or polluted environments.
• Take regular breaks from screens and remember to blink often.
• Apply a warm compress to the eyelids as advised by your doctor.
• Wear sunglasses outdoors to help protect your eyes from wind and dust.
• Stay well-hydrated throughout the day.
• Get regular eye checkups, especially if symptoms keep returning.

When to See a Doctor

Occasional eye dryness is common. However, if symptoms persist or interfere with your everyday activities, you should see an ophthalmologist. Consider getting medical help if you have: ²

• Dryness or irritation that does not improve on its own.
• Constant burning, stinging, or irritation in the eyes.
• Blurred or fluctuating vision.
• Increased sensitivity to light.
• Redness or excessive watering of the eyes.
• Discomfort or difficulty wearing contact lenses.

Early diagnosis is important to identify the cause and establish an appropriate treatment plan.

Conclusion

Many people feel that dry eyes are simply a minor inconvenience. However, recurrent discomfort could indicate an underlying issue with the tear film or ocular surface.

Symptoms like irritation, burning, redness, or blurred vision should not be ignored. Consulting an ophthalmologist at the right time can help identify the cause and manage symptoms effectively.

Along with standard dry eye management, OptiCover™, a Lyophilized Amnion Membrane Disc Allograft, is intended for homologous use as a protective covering for the ocular surface under medical supervision. It helps support the corneal surface and improve patient comfort.

If symptoms continue or become worse, timely eye care is important to protect long-term eye health.